Arrayás Grajera Manuel
University of Huelva, Spain
e-mail: manu_a_g@hotmail.com

Today, the preoccupation society is growing to acquire a body image according to the aesthetic fashion purchasing physical activity an important role (Galvez, 2004). There are numerous studies linking physical activity with body image (Camacho, et al., 2006, Gonzalez-Montero et al., 2010; Urrutia et al., 2010, among others). With this work we propose to obtain information about physical activity, assess and describe the perception of body image of adolescents, to check the relationship between body image perception and physical activity in response to differences in gender and age, and test the relationships between the towns of Huelva (Spain) and Ghia (Portugal). This is a descriptive, evaluative and correlation study with four variables: perceived body image, physical activity, gender and age. The hypotheses that we consider are that the practice of physical activity is preponderant among men, boys presented better perception of their body image than girls, the perception of body image in both boys and girls, will relate positively with physical activity and body image perception and practice of physical activity will be similar in both populations (Ghia and Huelva). The population used was composed for 154 students in required secondary education (Huelva, Spain) and required primary education (Ghia, Portugal), whose aged was between 12 and 14 years, from four public schools in Huelva (Spain) and two public schools in Guide (Portugal). To measure the perception of body image, the method of estimating total body (Thompson et al. 1998), the Eating Disorders Inventory (Garner, et al. 1983) and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (Rosen et al. 1990). To measure physical activity we use the Yesterday Activity Checklist (Sallis et al. 1997).

References:
Camacho, M.J., Fernández, E. y Rodríguez, M.I. (2006). Imagen corporal y práctica de actividad física en las chicas adolescentes: Incidencia de la modalidad deportiva. International Journal of Sport Science, 2(3), 1-19.
Galvez, A.A. (2004). Actividad física habitual de los adolescentes de la región de Murcia. Análisis de los motivos de práctica y abandono de la actividad físico-deportiva. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Murcia.
Garner, D.M., Polivy, J., y Olmstead, M.P. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensaional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 11, 263-284.
González-Montero de Espinosa, M., André, A., García-Petuya, E., López-Ejeda, N., Mora, A. y Marrodán, M. (2010). Asociación entre actividad física y percepción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes madrileños. Nutr. clín. diet. hosp., 30 (3), 4-12.
Rosen, J.C., Cado, S., Silberg, S., Srebnik, D. y Wendt, S. (1990). Cognitive behavior therapy with and without size perception training for women with body image disturbance. Behavior Therapy, 21, 481-498.
Sallis, J.F., Condon, S.A., Goggin, K.J., Roby, J.J., Kolody, B. y Alcaraz, J.E. (1993). The development of self-administered physical activity surveys for 4th grade students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64(1), 25- 31.
Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M.N., y Tantleff, D.S. (1998). Exacting beauty: theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington. American Psychological Association.
Urrutia, S., Azpillaga, I., Luis de Cos, G. y Muñoz, D. (2010). Relación entre la percepción de estado de salud con la práctica Físico-deportiva y la imagen Corporal en adolescentes. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 10(Sup), 51-56.

Bogaert Inge
Vrije University of Brussels, Belgium
e-mail: ibogaert@vub.ac.be

Introduction
The promotion of a Physical Active LifeStyle (PALS) among the population is considered to be part of the primary prevention program of welfare diseases. The school is not only an ideal setting for the promotion of a PALS among children, it is also a working environment for the teachers. Knowing that teachers are vulnerable for psychological and musculoskeletal problems in their job and are also a great influence as a role model on children’s and adolescents behavior, they are an important target group for intervention. However not many research concerning this topic could be found in recent literature up till now. In a first phase the physical activity levels and the mental well-being of Flemish secondary school teachers will be measured by a survey and focus groups and the ergonomics of teaching will be studied by video analysis. Outgoing from the literature and the obtained data a multi-component worksite intervention will be developed and evaluated. Outcome measures of this PHD project will concern: teacher’s physical activity, teacher’s mental well-being, teacher’s physical well-being or ergonomics, teacher’s attitudes and behavioral changes towards a PALS, effects of a worksite physical activity intervention, cost effectiveness of the intervention and the influence of the teacher as a role model for the pupils.

Castilla Arroyo Juan Bautista
University of Huelva, Spain
e-mail: juan.castilla@dempc.uhu.es

In modern football, the importance of ball control is unquestionable and even more so when it allows you to achieve crucial sporting objectives. Skilful ball control and good positioning can be essential to obtaining your proposed aims, such as going through a knock out stage in a competition, qualifying for the World Cup, European Cup etc. Without going any further we can just take for example Iniesta´s ball control in the winning goal of the 2010 World Cup final.
Objectives: To analyse the effectiveness of ball control of the junior footballers in a Higest level Spanish Team.
To validate the methodology used in order to ascertain what type of ball control will be most needed in different football positions in the future.
Methodology: Using the qualitative methodology, the instrument of measurement was filming and a series of observations. The percentage agreement of inter-observer was 99%, Moreno et al. (2002) recommend that this process should be carried out using several codifiers, obtaining a rate of reliability of 80%. The participating subjects in this study are 3 male footballers from the Honour Junior Division (17-18 years old) who play as central mid-fielders, wingers and forwards.
Results: Central mid-fielder; after carrying out our observations, we assessed a total of 15 participants who were successful 12 times and who made 3 errors. Winger; we
assessed a total of 15 participants and they were successful11 times and made 4 errors. Centre forward; a total of 12 were evaluated, all of whom were successful.
Discussion: In numerous studies, ball control is one of the most important ways of differentiating between footballers with talent and those without. ((Pazo (2010), Reilly et al. (2000), Malina et al. (2005), Vrljic y Mallett (2008)).
Conclusion: In this study, the method used has been validated due to the high level of agreement amongst the observers. However, the results are not as relevant as we hoped for because the data that has been analysed is quite limited.

References:
Malina, R.M.; Cumming, S.P.; Kontos, A.P.; Eisenmann, J.C.; Ribeiro, B. and Aroso, J. (2005). Maturity-associated variation in sport-specific skills of youth soccer players aged 13-15 years. Journal of Sports Sciences 23 (5), 515-522.
Moreno, M. P.; Santos, J. A.; Ramos, L.A.; Sanz, D.; Fuentes, J. P.; Del Villar, F. (2002). Aplicación de un sistema de codificación para el análisis de contenido de la conducta verbal del entrenador de voleibol. Revista Motricidad. (9) 119-140.
Pazo, C. I. (2010). La formación de los jugadores de fútbol de alta competición. Tesis. Universidad de Huelva.
Reilly, T., Williams, A.M., Nevil, A., and Franks, A. (2000b). A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences 18 (9), 695-702.
Vrljic, K. y Mallett, C.J. (2008). Coaching knowledge in identifying football talent. International Journal of Coaching Science (8), 1-34.

Clemente Chiara
University of Cassino, Italy
e-mail: chyara85@hotmail.it

Visual loss due to ocular trauma continues to be a major public health problem in most countries. Ocular trauma is the second leading cause of visual impairment in the United States. Many causes of eye trauma are accidental and the majority of these injuries occur in the workplace, at home, during sporting activities, in motor vehicle collisions (including air-bag injuries) and in association with fireworks.
Blunt trauma occurs when the eye is struck with a solid object without penetrating the eyewall and can lead to damage at site of injury as well as away from it. It can also affect the retina causing it to tear or detach from its underlying surface. Retinal damage has devastating consequences for the victim, resulting in partial or permanent loss of vision in the affected eye. The exact biomechanical mechanisms of ocular injury are not clear. In ophthalmology, based on impact experiment performed by Delori et al. (1969), it is commonly accepted that the pathogenic mechanism responsible for retinal damage is the vitreous pull-traction action and the equatorial expansion of the sclera.
Severe eye injuries, such as ruptured globes and retinal detachments, are typically the result of high speed blunt trauma such as impact with sports equipment. A number of different sporting objects have been implicated in patients with ocular damage, including baseballs, golf balls, squash balls, the ends of hockey sticks, elbows, BB pellets, paintballs.
In this study we examine the collision with airsoft pellets. Airsoft is a sport in which participants emulate common military tactics and shoot round non-metallic pellets launched via replica firearms.
In order to test the hypothesis that shockwave induced pressure and strain may generate retinal damage, a finite element analysis of blunt eye trauma was performed. Future work will involve performing experimental tests aimed at the evaluation of the pressures generated during the impact in enucleated animal eye bulbs.

Conte Daniele
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
e-mail: danieleconte25@gmail.com

Few studies analyzed movements of female basketball players during competition. A Time-Motion Analysis will be performed on a female basketball team during 12 First Division Italian Championship and Euroleague official matches. This study aims to evaluate movement patterns of elite female basketball players during competition with references to Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA). The following parameters will be investigated:  a) number and duration of sprint repetitions; b) duration and intensity of the activities during rest periods; c) number and duration of the high intensity specific movements (HISM) and jump actions activity; d) and the distance covered during each sprint in relation to 5 classes of distance (0-5m; 6-10m; 11-15m; 16-20m; >20m). Furthermore, a qualitative analysis, in order to describe the sprint activities (linear and curved sprints, and sprints with change of direction), will be carried out in relation to their executions with or without the ball. This study could improve the knowledge on female basketball, with particular practical applications for trainers and sport scientists to design a new RSA test specific for basketball.

Crova Claudia, Raparelli I., Marchetti R., Pesce C.
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
e-mail: claudia.crova@uniroma4.it

The decrease in Physical Activity (PA) makes more complex to contrast the secular trend of decline in aerobic fitness and increase in children and adolescents obesity observed in industrialised countries.
Although there is a marked interest in research towards the cognitive processes subtending this trend, which enhance social and cognitive development and academic achievement, there are few concrete initiatives. Moreover, the value of the Physical Education (PE) specialist teacher in primary school is still not sufficiently recognized.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether an educational intervention led by specialized PE teachers in primary school classes might benefit child’s motor and cognitive development.
In addition, it was verified whether the intervention effects are moderated by both by the level and type of free-time physical activities.
The study was conducted on a sample of 52 children (mean age 7.3 years) from two classes led by a specialist and a generalist teacher, respectively. Same cognitive and
motor development tests and spontaneous play questionnaire were administered at the beginning and end of the school year as pre- and post-intervention testing.
The results provided indications that confirm the importance of quality PE programs taught by specialist teachers. This in order to ensure the practice of appropriate motor activities and to enhance cognitive functions, the executive, which significantly contribute to academic learning and self-regulation of child’s behaviour.
Furthermore, the contribution of the PE specialist teacher was decisive for children not practicing spontaneous outdoor play by equating this group on differences in acquisition of gross and fine motor skills with respect to their more active counterpart.

D’Adamo Valentina
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
e-mail: vale_dada88@hotmail.it

Introduction: The percentage of the older population is increasing worldwide although the increased life expectancy is not always accompanied with aging well. In general, exercise and proper nutrition appear to influence longevity by delaying aging processes and promoting health-related quality of life. Focusing their attention on diet to optimize performance, master athletes could represent a model of successful aging. Nevertheless, active older individuals are not free from risks. In fact, senior athletes might adopt popular diets without consulting sport nutritionists placing themselves at risk of disordered eating behaviors, which can endanger their health. Unfortunately, there is scarce information on eating behaviors in older individuals involved in sports.
Purpose: This study aims to assess the incidence of eating disorders and perceived health status in senior athletes competing in endurance and team sport events, compared to sedentary peers and young athletes. In particular, it was hypothesized that age and activity level might influence the tendency to adopt disordered eating behaviors in older individuals.
Methods: One hundred senior (age>60 yr) athletes (endurance sport=50, team sports=50), 100 sedentary older individuals (age>60 yr), and 100 young (age range: 20-25 yr) athletes (endurance sport=50, team sports=50) will be administered the Health Status Survey (SF-36), the Eating Disorder Test (BUT) questionnaires. Differences (p<0.05) between age and activity groups will be analyzed by means of an analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Bonferroni post hoc tests and Cohen’s effect sizes (ESs) for significant effects.

Nicolò Andrea, I. Bazzucchi, M. Lenti, J. Haxhi, A. Scotto di Palumbo, A. Conti, M. Sacchetti.
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
e-mail: andrea.nicolo@yahoo.com

High intensity interval training (HIT) is used by coaches as a time efficient strategy to perform a greater amount of work at high intensity if compared with continuous exercise. However, the effects of the combination of work and rest intervals on performance and physiological responses remain to be fully explored.
We investigated two types of supramaximal HIT protocols used by some cycling coaches to significantly stress both the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Thirteen young competitive cyclists (19±2 yr, VO2max 63,1±4,2 ml•kg-1•min-1) performed a maximal incremental test and two randomized HIT protocols until exhaustion during the competitive season. HIT protocols differed in work and rest durations (40 s:20 s and 30 s:30 s) but had the same work (135% of peak power output) and rest (0 W) intensity. Gas exchange and ventilatory parameters, heart rate (HR) and blood lactate [La-] were measured for all the trials performed.
Time to exhaustion was 10±3 min and 38±13 min for 40:20 and 30:30, respectively. The maximum value of VO2 for 40:20 was significantly higher (p<0,01) than that of 30:30 and of the incremental test (4361±298, 4012±282, 4145±307), while no significant differences were appreciated between the VO2 of the latter two trials. Average VO2 for 40:20 and 30:30 were 89±4% and 75±4% of VO2max. Peak value of [La-] was significantly higher (p<0,01) for 40:20 than for 30:30 (13±1,5; 10±2,9) while mean values of [La-] for 30:30 were at or above the 8 mM value for 18 min. Maximal minute ventilation (VE) was significantly higher (p<0,01) for 40:20 than for 30:30 and the incremental test (162±23, 133±14, 150±18). The kinetics of VE as a function of time was incremental while that of VO2 was quite stable throughout the trial. The HR kinetics indicated a cardiac drift. All the kinetics described were similar between the two HIT protocols.
In conclusion, the two investigated protocols resulted in a sustained stimulus for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, with 30:30 allowing to maintain high [La-] levels for a long period of time. The present data can help coaches and exercise scientists choose and prescribe supramaximal HIT protocols.

Duarte João Pedro
University of Coimbra, Portugal
e-mail: 123jp4@gmail.com

Introduction
The intermittent character of football requires the ability to repeatedly produce high intensity actions every 72 seconds [1]. Although only 1.2-2.4% of total distance covered is with ball possession [2], the technical ability of dribbling at high speed is essential for performance [3]. However, and to our knowledge, studies examining the ability to repeat dribbling efforts with brief recovery periods (Repeated Dribbling Ability) are still lacking in the available literature. Thus, the purpose of the current project is to develop and validate a repeated dribbling ability (RDA) test for soccer players.
The sample will include approximately 60 male soccer players aged 11-to-18 years old from a soccer club in the Portuguese Midlands. The testing will occur during the players regular training hours. Ambient temperature, humidity and wind conditions will be documented. Repeated sprint ability will be first measured using the 7-sprint protocol [4;5;6] followed, on a 48-hour interval period, by a second measurement consisting of the same protocol principles but while the subjects are dribbling a soccer ball (players will be instructed to control the ball while performing the test). On a third occasion, players will be re-tested on the RDA protocol. The time for each sprint, as well as dribble, will be recorded with a digital chronometer connected to photoelectric cells (Globus Ergo Timer Timing System, Codogn, Italy).
Mean scores and standard deviations will be calculated for both sprint and dribble tests for each age group and playing position. Associations between sprint tests and dribble tests will be analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Based on previous research [3], and although differences in methodological approaches must be considered, we expect to find age and playing position as contributors to repeated dribble performance.

References:

1. Bradley P, Sheldon W, Wooster B, Olsen P, Boanas P, Krustrup P. High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(2):159-168
2. Di Salvo, V., Baron, R., Tschan, H., Calderon Montero, F. J., Bachl, N., & Pigozzi, F. (2007). Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 222-227;
3. Huijgen, Barbara C.H., Elferink-Gemser, Marije T., Post, Wendy and Visscher, Chris (2010). Development of dribbling in talented youth soccer players aged 12-19 years: A longitudinal study, Journal of sports Sciences, 28: 7, 689-698, First published on: 04 May 2010 (iFirst);
4. Bangsbo, J. (1994). Fitness training in football:  a scientific approach.Bagsvaerd: HO.Storm;
5. Reilly, T. (2001). Assessment of performance in team games. In R. G. Eston& T. Reilly (Eds.), Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual: Tests, procedures and data (2nd edn.,pp. 171-182). London. Routledge;
6. Reilly, T., & Doran, D. (2003). Fitness assessment. In T. Reilly & A. M. Williams (Eds.), Science and soccer (2nd edn., pp. 21 46).London: Routledge.

Falbo Simone
University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
e-mail: s.falbo@me.com

The major motor and cognitive functions disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are postural instability, compromised locomotor functions and difficulties in focusing and re-orienting attention in the visual space.
Question 1: Are deficits in the modulation of visuo-spatial attention stronger in AD than in healthy older persons? and Are they associated to deficits in performing simple and complex postural/locomotor tasks?
Question 2: Are motor-cognitive dual task performances more stronlgy impaired in AD than in normally aging people? According to the Selective Optimization with Compensation theory SOC, both healthy elderly and AD tend to shift resources from the cognitive to the concomitant motor activity. The SOC theory needs to be explored further using the specificity concept.
Question 3: What is the role of physical exercise in older adults at risk of or affected by AD? and What are the benefits, if given, of an integrated physical-cognitive training approach joining aerobic exercise and the features of qualitatively enriched environments challening cognitive function?
Methods, materials and procedures: Functional efficiency will be measured using gait and postural tests under single or dual task conditions with varying motor and/or cognitive task complexity. Attentional and cognitive efficiency will be tested by means of executive functions tests and a visual attention control test.
Expected results:
Hypotheses 1: The attention performance should be worse in AD than in healthy elderly particularly under conditions of high executive control demands. Deficits in high-demanding control of attention should be paralleled by deficits in performing more complex walkings.
Hypotheses 2: In dual tasking, older adults, and even more those affected by AD, could have greater deficits when the difficulty of the motor task is higher.
Hypotheses 3: Integrating physical and cognitive training, rather than realizing them isolatedly or combinedly, should produce benefits that are more pronounced and stable over time, particularly in AD.
Outlook
The results should contribute to exploit the potential of Quality Physical Activity for special populations, appropriately weighing energetical, neuromuscular, and cognitive demands.